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summary怎麼寫

發布時間:2023-02-03 12:59:06

Ⅰ 怎麼寫summary 如何寫summary

1、英語中的SUMMARY撰寫的具體格式步驟如下:

2、寫之前,需要認真仔細地讀幾遍原文材料,讓理解更深刻。

3、遵循原文的邏輯順序,對重要部分的主題、標題、細節進行概括,全面清晰地表明原文信息。

4、給摘要起一個好標題,比如:可以採用文中的主題句。

5、盡量使用自己的話完成,不要引用原文的句子,篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一長。

Ⅱ 如何寫好英文論文summary

summary寫作要求你具備的幾種能力:

第一要看清楚文章的結構,設法反映出原文中作者的觀點。

第二要具有意義篩選的能力,學會區分事實和觀點、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關與不相關、原因和結果等復雜的邏輯關系。

第三要有用英文解釋英文的能力,用自己簡單的語言解釋比較復雜的語言文字,不能抄襲原文。

讀寫任務的寫作內容一般分為兩個部分,

即寫作內容1為概括短文要點,還有寫作內容2 則是就某個主題發表看法。

然而,絕大部分的考生會忽略了寫作內容2對寫作內容1的導航作用,而一頭扎進了閱讀材料,直接去閱讀文章得出要點。事實上,所謂「讀寫任務」其是讀和寫的有機結合,「讀」的材料是為了後面的「寫」提供情景,同樣,「寫」也是對「讀」的材料的思考和延伸。故希望大家在概括文章時,可考慮命題人提供的寫作內容2的導航作用,因為它能夠幫助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要點的速度與准確性。

一、概括的標准:拋棄次要,瞄準寫作目的。

標準的概括採用浮凸式的表達方式,第一句話是主題句,清楚明白地告訴了讀者文章的寫作目的,這句話的質量決定了概括的成敗。後面的句子對主題句進行解釋和支撐,凡是意義在主題之外的要毫不吝嗇地予以刪除。

二、概括的寫作步驟:

1. 確定主題句。確定閱讀文章的主題句,一般在段首。沒有主題句的需要自己組合。

2. 尋找關鍵詞。分析主題句意義,確定關鍵詞,關鍵詞一般體現為名詞、形容詞,關鍵詞的數目決定了概括的信息濃度。

3. 重構主題句。概括的主題句邏輯上要統攝後面所有的支撐句。可以從作者的寫作目的逆推,反映寫作目的主題句是高度抽象的,它基本決定了概括的質量。

4. 重組支撐句。支撐句的意義在邏輯上受制於主題句,可以是補充過程或者提供證據。

口訣:簡括為:縮長見短,省卻細膩。(括:概括性。見:間接引語。短:短的連詞。細膩:細節和例子)

三、寫摘要時可以採用下列幾種小技巧:

1) 刪除細節。只保留主要觀點。

2) 避免重復。在原文中,為了強調某個主題,可能會重復論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應該刪除那些突出強調的重述句。

3) 刪除具體例子。不過,閱讀材料本身是由幾個具體例子構成的,如閱讀材料是談西方節日的,如刪除具體例子,則概括很難達到30個詞,那就選擇一至兩個例子(即一兩個主要節日)。註:原文中可能包括5個或更多的例子,你只需從中篩選一至二個例子。

4) 使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞。

上述對於英文論文summary寫作技巧的分析後,在寫作的時候切記一定要站在中立的觀點來寫,把那個要摻雜進自己個人的想法而改變了原意,盡量做到言簡意賅,用最簡單的語言來解釋原文中一些比較復雜的。(以上內容來源於學術堂)

Ⅲ summary怎麼寫

Ⅳ 英文寫作中的summary應該怎麼寫有範文可以參考嗎

首先Summary的寫作應該分為以下6步:
①分段閱讀
首先,我們需要對整篇文章瀏覽一次,根據文中的標題、副標題等分段閱讀。
②重讀
主動閱讀文章,並把主題句、關鍵句以及對寫作summary有用的信息標記出來。
③概括
在明確了每個分段的中心思想之後,用一句話概括出來。注意:句中只需要關鍵點,不需要進行細節性的描述。
④主旨
主旨句是一篇摘要的關鍵點,讀者可從中獲知整篇文章所要表達的內容。因此,一定要寫好主旨句。
⑤寫summary
在寫summary的時候一定要注意:在summary中需要寫原作者和作品的名稱,且要用現在時去寫作,盡量避免使用原文內容。除此之外,摘要的寫作目的在於准確表達作者的觀點,所以一定不可以添加自己的觀點在里邊。
⑥檢查並修改
在summary完成之後需要檢查我們是否准確的將作者的觀點表達出來了,如果沒有問題的話,也還是需要從個事、語法以及標點等方面進行一次檢查。
下邊BayDue給大家分享一篇summary寫作範文:
Why do some animals die out?
In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct.People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods.As they spread over the land,they destroy animals'homes.If the animals can't find a place to live,they die out.Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason.Other animals,such as the Florida Key deer,may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct,too.In the last century,hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos.
Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves.Pollution is killing many animals today,too.As rivers become polluted,fish are poisoned.Many die.Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong,healthy eggs.New birds aren』t born.So far,no animals have become extinct because of pollution.But some,such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican,have become rare and may die out.
Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate.The places where they live become hotter or cooler,drier or wetter.The food that they eat cannot grow there any more.If the animals can't learn to eat something else,they die.Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason.
Summary:
In the past two hundred years,many kinds of animals have died out.There are several reasons for it.First,people keep building houses and factories in fields and woods,which destroys animals'homes.Then,hunters'killing has also caused some animals to become extinct.Besides,some animals aren't able to bear strong offspring and nor do they have enough food to eat because of pollution and climatic changes.

Ⅳ 英語summary怎麼寫

英語summary的寫法:首先記下關鍵詞,要點或論點和主題句;第二步,形成一段簡短的大綱,遵循原始組織;第三步,用我們自己的語言;第四步,在摘要中使用關鍵字,並相應地為摘要提供標題;第五步,避免例子,引言,技術用語使用簡單UND易懂的英語;第六步,必須客觀並且以第三人稱。

在科技文獻和教科書中,Summary強調對研究課題內容的概括,比如實驗內容、目的、研究的展望等方面的簡述。提要對字數的要求比較靈活,可長可短。既可以圖文並茂,也可以廣征博引。既可放在文前,也可以置於文後。Summary一般在完成完成後再寫作,主要目的是幫助了解文章。

(5)summary怎麼寫擴展閱讀

寫好SUMMARY還要注意4要4不要:

4要是:要包括主要意思,要包括主要論點,要篩選減少內容,要用自己的詞語,一定要用自己的話,一定要用自己的話,一定要用自己的話,重要的事情說三遍。

4不要是:不要含有你自己的觀點,不要有非原材料的觀點,不要用你自己認為作者說的是什麼,不要整段從原文拷貝。

Ⅵ 英語寫作summary

關於總結,我們在接觸到英文之後,這個寫作也接踵而來。下面是我給大家整理的英語寫作summary,供大家參閱!

英語寫作summary:Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong

Article

Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong

William Kilpatrick

Many of today’s young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension (道德層面) to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that’s true, but none more prominent than a failed system of ecation that eschews (迴避) teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision-making,” was introced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character ecation. (品格教育)” Character ecation didn’t ask children to reinvent the moral wheel (浪費時間重新發明早已存在的道德標准); instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control.

In the 1940s, when a character ecation approach prevailed, teachers worried about students chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape.

Decision-making curriculums pose thorny (棘手的) ethical dilemmas to students, leaving them with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they’ve never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous (薄弱的) hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion.

For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed.

This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-ecation (價值觀教育) programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem (自尊). These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won’t want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard will conclude that he or she can’t do anything bad.

Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive (無指導性的), non-judgmental (無是非觀的), as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality (思想) that has pervaded (滲透) public ecation for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today’s drug ecation, sex ecation and values-ecation courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place.

Meanwhile, while ecators are still fiddling with (胡亂擺弄) outdated “feel-good” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money—if it feels right—you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion—just about any conclusion—can be reached and justified using the decision-making method.

It is time to consign (寄出) the fads (風尚) of “decision-making” and “non-judgmentalism” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character ecation provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it.

Sample

Summary of “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong”

In his essay “,” fervently that the approach to the moral ecation of American youth, which replaced “character ecation” 25 years ago, has prevented juveniles from behaving and thinking in accordance with the traditional moral principles that are fundamental to American society.

subjective constructs with only relative truth in them and therefore can be interpreted flexibly and even about what should be clearly right or wrong.

are the unexpected outcomes of that subscribe to the “non-judgmental” mindset dominating . that feeling good warrants morality excuses students from criticizing and disciplining their own behaviors.

emphasizing practice instead of discussion.

英語summary的寫作技巧

摘要是對一篇文章的主題思想的簡單陳述。它用最簡潔的語言概括了原文的主題。寫摘要主要包括三個步驟:(1)閱讀;(2)寫作;(3)修改成文。 第一步:閱讀

A.認真閱讀給定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解,就多讀兩遍。閱讀次數越多,你對原文的理解就越深刻。

B.給摘要起一個標題。用那些能概括文章主題思想的單詞、短語或短句子作為標題。也可以採用文中的主題句作為標題。主題句往往出現在文章的開頭或結尾。一個好標題有助於確定文章的中心思想。

C.現在,就該決定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了。對重要部分的主要觀點進行概括。

D.簡要地記下主要觀點——主題、標題、細節等你認為對概括摘要重要的東西。 第二步:動手寫作

A. 摘要應該只有原文的三分之一或四分之一長。因此首先數一下原文的字數,然後除以三,得到一個數字。摘要的字數可以少於這個數字,但是千萬不能超過這個數字。

B. 摘要應全部用自己的話完成。不要引用原文的句子。

C. 應該遵循原文的邏輯順序。這樣你就不必重新組織觀點、事實。

D. 摘要必須全面、清晰地表明原文所載的信息,以便你的讀者不需翻閱原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。

E. 寫摘要時可以採用下列幾種小技巧:

1) 刪除細節。只保留主要觀點。

2) 選擇一至兩個例子。原文中可能包括5個或更多的例子,你只需從中篩選一至二個例子。

3) 把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個句子,那麼你只要把它們變成一兩句即可。

4) 避免重復。在原文中,為了強調某個主題,可能會重復論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應該刪除那些突出強調的重述句。

5) 壓縮長的句子。如下列兩例:

“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”

可以概括為:”He was very brave in battle.”

“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括為:“He was in financial difficulties.”

6) 你還可以使用片語代替整句或者從句。請看下面的例子:

“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”

可以概括為:”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”

7) 使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞,比如:

“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them ring the winter vocation.”

可以概括為:”She brought home a lot of books to read ring the vocation.”

8) 使用最短的連接詞。比如,可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等較長的連接詞。通常,使用分號就能夠達成使用連接詞的效果。

9) 文章中的第一人稱說的話通常在摘要中轉換成第三人稱,從而把大段的對白簡化,比如:

Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful„ like eating cardboard or sand„ just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”

可以用第三人稱概括為:

Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could rece the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.

第三步:修改成文

草稿擬好以後,對它進行修改。首先,與原文比較看是否把所有重要的觀點都概括了,摘要中的觀點是否與原文中的完全一致。其次,如果摘要中出現了不必要的詞彙、短語或長句子,刪除它們。第三,檢查拼寫、語法和標點符號的錯誤。最後,保持語言簡單明了。

經過上述步驟和方法,一篇摘要就可以完成了。

附:

摘要寫作(summary writing)是一種控制性的作文形式,它能使學生通過閱讀原文,吸收原文的文章結構與語言方面的長處,寫出內容一致、結構近似、語言簡潔的短文。另外,對培養學生善於抓住文章重點的能力也有很大幫助,有利於他們在實際寫作中避免面面俱到,事無巨細,一一羅列的不良傾向。這種寫作既要准確理解原文,又要能綜合概括;既能培養欣賞能力,又能訓練書面表達能力。因此,用英文寫摘要,對學習英語寫作的學生來說,不失為一種切合實際的方法。下面談談怎麼寫好英文摘要。

1)細讀原文。首先要仔細閱讀全篇作品,然後對作品進行整體分析,掌握原文總的意思和結構,明確全文的主題(the maintheme)和各段的段落大意(the main idea)。

2)弄清要求。搞清楚是寫全文概要,還是寫某一部分的概要,或者就某些問題寫出要點。

3)列出原文要點。分析原文的內容和結構,將內容分項扼要表述並注意在結構上的順序。在此基礎上選出與文章主題密切相關的部分。

4)草擬寫作提綱並寫出初稿。將挑選出的要點作為框架草擬詳細的提綱,以所列的提綱為依據寫出摘要的初稿。在寫作時要特別注意下面幾點:

(1)摘要應包括原文中的主要事實(main facts);略去不必要的細節(unnecessary details)。

(2)安排好篇幅的比例。摘要應同原文保持協調,即用較多的文字寫重要內容,用較少的文字寫次要內容。

(3)注意段落的連貫和句子的銜接。要用適當的轉折詞語貫通全文,切忌只簡單地寫出一些互不相乾的句子。

(4)盡可能用自己的話來寫,但不排斥用原文的某些詞句。

(5)計算詞數,看是否符合規定的詞數要求。

英語的summary怎麼寫

怎麼寫SUMMARY摘要(summary)是一種對原始文獻(或文章)的基本內容進行濃縮的語義連貫的短文.它以迅速掌握原文內容梗概為目的,不加主觀評論和解釋,但必須簡明、確切地表述原文的重要內容.摘要寫作(summary writing)是一種控制性的作文形式,它能使學生通過閱讀原文,吸收原文的文章結構與語言方面的長處,寫出內容一致、結構近似、語言簡潔的短文.另外,對培養學生善於抓住文章重點的能力也有很大幫助,有利於他們在實際寫作中避免面面俱到,事無巨細,一一羅列的不良傾向.這種寫作既要准確理解原文,又要能綜合概括;既能培養欣賞能力,又能訓練書面表達能力.因此,用英文寫摘要,對學習英語寫作的學生來說,不失為一種切合實際的方法.

下面談談怎麼寫好英文摘要.

1)細讀原文.首先要仔細閱讀全篇作品,然後對作品進行整體分析,掌握原文總的意思和結構,明確全文的主題(the maintheme)和各段的段落大意(the main idea).

2)弄清要求.搞清楚是寫全文概要,還是寫某一部分的概要,或者就某些問題寫出要點.3)列出原文要點.分析原文的內容和結構,將內容分項扼要表述並注意在結構上的順序.在此基礎上選出與文章主題密切相關的部分.

4)草擬寫作提綱並寫出初稿.將挑選出的要點作為框架草擬詳細的提綱,以所列的提綱為依據寫出摘要的初稿.在寫作時要特別注意下面幾點:

(1)摘要應包括原文中的主要事實(main facts);略去不必要的細節(unnecessary details).(2)安排好篇幅的比例.摘要應同原文保持協調,即用較多的文字寫重要內容,用較少的文字寫次要內容.(3)注意段落的連貫和句子的銜接.要用適當的轉折詞語貫通全文,切忌只簡單地寫出一些互不相乾的句子.

(4)盡可能用自己的話來寫,但不排斥用原文的某些詞句.

(5)計算詞數,看是否符合規定的詞數要求.

如何寫一篇文章的摘要?– 下文是對《英語寫作手冊》相關章節的翻譯

摘要是對一篇文章的主題思想的簡單陳述.它用最簡潔的語言概括了原文的主題.寫摘要主要包括三個步驟:(1)閱讀;(2)寫作;(3)修改成文.

第一步:閱讀

A.認真閱讀給定的原文材料.如果一遍不能理解,就多讀兩遍.閱讀次數越多,你對原文的理解就越深刻.

B.給摘要起一個標題.用那些能概括文章主題思想的單詞、短語或短句子作為標題.也可以採用文中的主題句作為標題.主題句往往出現在文章的開頭或結尾.一個好標題有助於確定文章的中心思想.

C.現在,就該決定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了.對重要部分的主要觀點進行概括.

D.簡要地記下主要觀點——主題、標題、細節等你認為對概括摘要重要的東西.

第二步:動手寫作

A. 摘要應該只有原文的三分之一或四分之一長.因此首先數一下原文的字數,然後除以三,得到一個數字.摘要的字數可以少於這個數字,但是千萬不能超過這個數字.

B. 摘要應全部用自己的話完成.不要引用原文的句子.

C. 應該遵循原文的邏輯順序.這樣你就不必重新組織觀點、事實.

D. 摘要必須全面、清晰地表明原文所載的信息,以便你的讀者不需翻閱原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意.

E. 寫摘要時可以採用下列幾種小技巧:

1) 刪除細節.只保留主要觀點.

2) 選擇一至兩個例子.原文中可能包括5個或更多的例子,你只需從中篩選一至二個例子.

3) 把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子.如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個句子,那麼你只要把它們變成一兩句即可.

4) 避免重復.在原文中,為了強調某個主題,可能會重復論證說明.但是這在摘要中是不能使用的.應該刪除那些突出強調的重述句.

5) 壓縮長的句子.如下列兩例:

“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”

可以概括為:”He was very brave in battle.”

“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”

可以概括為:“He was in financial difficulties.”

6) 你還可以使用片語代替整句或者從句.請看下面的例子:

“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”

可以概括為:”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”

7) 使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞,比如:

“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them ring the winter vocation.”

可以概括為:”She brought home a lot of books to read ring the vocation.”

8) 使用最短的連接詞.比如,可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等較長的連接詞.通常,使用分號就能夠達成使用連接詞的效果.

9) 文章中的第一人稱說的話通常在摘要中轉換成第三人稱,從而把大段的對白簡化,比如:

Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”

可以用第三人稱概括為:

Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could rece the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.

第三步:修改成文

草稿擬好以後,對它進行修改.首先,與原文比較看是否把所有重要的觀點都概括了,摘要中的觀點是否與原文中的完全一致.其次,如果摘要中出現了不必要的詞彙、短語或長句子,刪除它們.第三,檢查拼寫、語法和標點符號的錯誤.最後,保持語言簡單明了.

經過上述步驟和方法,一篇摘要就可以完成了.

Ⅶ 英語Summary怎麼寫

summary

英文發音: [ˈsʌməri]

中文釋義:

n.總結;概括;概要

adj.總結性的;概括的;概要的;從速從簡的;即決的;草草的

相關詞性:

復數: summaries

派生詞:summarily

例句:

It says torture and summary execution are common

那上面稱酷刑和草草處決很常見。

(7)summary怎麼寫擴展閱讀

summary的近義詞:

1、abstract

英文發音:['æbstrækt]

中文釋義:

n. 摘要;抽象;抽象的概念;抽象派藝術作品

例句:

It might also be necessary to supply an abstract of the review of the literature as well.

可能也有必要提供這篇文學評論的摘要。

2、brief

英文發音:[briːf]

中文釋義:

n. 摘要,簡報;概要,訴書

例句:

Griffith's expertise is in writing legal briefs.

格里菲思的專長在於撰寫法律案情摘要。

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