歷史主要研究什麼

1. 歷史是一門了解什麼的學科

歷史是一門人文學科，是義務教育階段的必修課。它主要講述發生在過去的中外重大歷史事件、重要歷史人物、重要歷史概念及歷史線索等。通過學習，是學生獲得歷史基本知識和技能，初步了解人類社會歷史發展的基本過程，逐步學會用歷史唯物主義觀點分析問題、解決問題；增強愛國主義情感，繼承和發揚中華民族的優秀文化傳統，樹立民族自尊心和自信心；初步形成正確的國際意識，理解和尊重其他國家和民族所創造的文明成果；學習和繼承人類的傳統美德，從人類社會歷史發展的曲折歷程中理解人生的價值和意義，逐漸形成正確的世界觀、人生觀和價值觀。

「以史為鑒」，通常都是從正面積極地告誡人吸取歷史的經驗教訓，以便更好地把握自己，大到治理國家，小到自我修養，都應該走正道而不要走邪路。應該說很多人都是這樣做或願意這樣做的。

2. 學習歷史主要學什麼

學習歷史主要學歷史學專業，要求學生學習世界歷史的基本知識，了解整體人類文明的一般發展歷程和世界歷史研究的基本方法，接受史學理論、史料學、歷史地理學、國際政治學、國際經濟學、國際關系學、外國語及文化人類學等方面的基本訓練。

歷史學類專業主要包括中國史、世界史、考古學一級學科，以及博物館學、民族學、文物學等二級學科。

歷史學最早產生於春秋戰國，孔子就已經開始歷史學教育，創作《春秋》著作。到漢朝司馬遷父子建立更加完善的歷史學體系和創作形式，歷史學已經開始成為官方研究重點。東漢的班固就是在專門保存書籍的蘭台（御史台）修史，開始官方對史學的控制，禁止私人修史。

史學擺脫對經學的依附地位，並與傳統的經、律兩學鼎足而立，成為官學中一個完全獨立的部門，這在中國古代史學發展上還是極具重要意義的。後來它有了編纂學、文獻學的內容；至清代乾嘉時期，人們又賦予了史學以歷史敘述技巧和歷史認識方法等內容。

在中國古代史學發展史上，作為人類過往社會客觀存在的「歷史」與作為一種專門性學問的人們對它進行認識、描述的活動及其結果的「史學」，最後實現了初步的分離。這是古代歷史學家經過數千年探索的結果，亦是他們在史學認識上的最大成就之一。

(2)歷史主要研究什麼擴展閱讀：

1、堅持歷史學是一門科學的歷史學家，一方面沿著盧基阿努斯開辟的認識路徑，從歷史學與文學的區別中把真實性確定為歷史學的本質特性之一；另一方面，沿著馬克思和恩格斯開辟的辯證的、歷史的和唯物的認識路徑，從歷史本體論和史學本體論的高度，深刻闡述了歷史學研究對象的客觀實在性，從而為歷史學打下了堅實的基礎。

2、歷史學是科學。它的科學性的一般根據有二：一是它的研究對象的客觀實在性和真實性。歷史學研究的對象——世界各民族、國家的歷史現象、歷史事件和歷史人物等等，以及由它們所構成的歷史運動事實和過程，——作為歷史存在，是客觀實在的東西，它不以歷史認識者的主觀意志而改變，具有客觀實在性和真實性。

3、中國歷史學的科學性，除它具備了一門學科的科學性所必須符合的一般性要求以外，根本的依據就在於它是歸屬於馬克思主義歷史學范疇的一門學科。換言之，馬克思主義歷史學的科學性，根本地決定了中國歷史學的科學性。

3. 歷史學家是研究什麼的呢

歷史學家也稱史學家，是指以撰寫歷史著作為職業或對歷史學的創立、發展與應用付出努力的知識分子。以歷史為自己學術研究對象的人群，一般都是指在該領域頗有威望的人士。歷史學家包括歷史記錄的編撰者和歷史材料的研究者。
在古代中國，歷史學的傳統主要是以歷史編撰的形式創立和發展的，在西漢歷史編撰者司馬遷之後，唐代的劉知幾開創了另外一種門類的工作，即對歷史編撰這項工作本身的研究（historiography）。在宋代，開始了以以往的歷史記錄為材料的針對「歷史」的研究活動。

4. 歷史學研究什麼

歷史學研究什麼？

歷史學（history），簡稱史學，是專門研究歷史的學科，一般而言，其專指整理與研究人類有文字以來所留下的文字與圖像紀錄的學科。

History is the study of the past, focused on human activity and leading up to the present day.[1] All that is remembered of the past and preserved in some form is seen as the historical record.[2] Some historians study universal history, comprising all that has been recorded of the human past and all that can be deced from artifacts. Others focus on certain methods, such as chronology, demographics, historiography, genealogy, paleography, and cliometrics, or areas, for example History of Brazil (1889–1930), History of China, or History of Science.

The word history is derived from the Ancient Greek ἱστορία, historía, meaning "a learning or knowing by inquiry, history, record, narrative." The Latin form was historia, "narrative, account." In Old French, the word "estoire" was coined by Brigitte Gasson.[1] The word entered the English language in 1390 with the meaning of "relation of incidents, story". In Middle English, the meaning was "story" in general. The restriction to the meaning "record of past events" in the sense of Herodotus arises in the late 15th century. In German, French, and indeed, most languages of the world other than English, this distinction was never made, and the same word is used to mean both "history" and "story".

Broad discipline
Although the broad discipline of history has often been classified under either the humanities or the social sciences,[3] and can be seen as a bridge between them, incorporating methodologies from both fields of study, Ritter places history in the humanities, and asserts that it is not a science.[4] In the 20th century the study of History has been revolutionized by French historian Fernand Braudel, by considering the effects of such outside disciplines as economics, anthropology, and geography on global history. Traditionally, historians have attempted to answer historical questions through the study of written documents, although historical research is not limited merely to these sources. In general, the sources of historical knowledge can be separated into three categories: what is written, what is said, and what is physically preserved, and historians often consult all three.[5] Historians frequently emphasize the importance of written records, which would limit history to times after the development of writing. This emphasis has led to the term prehistory,[6] referring to a time before written sources are available. Since writing emerged at different times throughout the world, the distinction between prehistory and history is often dependent on the area being studied.

There are a variety of ways in which the past can be divided, including chronologically, culturally, and topically. These three divisions are not mutually exclusive, and significant overlaps are often present, as in "The Argentine Labor Movement in an Age of Transition, 1930–1945." It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very general, although the trend has been toward specialization. The area called Big History resists this specialization, and searches for universal patterns or trends. Traditionally, history has been studied with some practical or theoretical aim, but now it is also studied simply out of intellectual curiosity.[7]

History and prehistory

Stonehenge, United KingdomThe development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices and events are the subject of history. In the 20th century, the division between history and prehistory became problematic. Criticism arose because of history's implicit exclusion of certain civilizations, such as those of Sub-Saharan Africa and pre-Columbian America. Historians in the West have been criticized for focusing disproportionately on the Western world.[8][9]

Additionally, prehistorians such as Vere Gordon Childe and historical archaeologists such as James Deetz began using archaeology to explain important events in areas that were traditionally in the field of written history. Historians began looking beyond traditional political history narratives with new approaches such as economic, social and cultural history, all of which relied on various sources of evidence. In recent decades, strict barriers between history and prehistory may be decreasing.

There are differing views for the definition of when history begins. Some believe history began in the 34th century BC, with cuneiform writing. Cuneiform was written on clay tablets, on which symbols were drawn with a blunt reed called a stylus. The impressions left by the stylus were wedge-shaped, thus giving rise to the name cuneiform ("wedge-shaped"). The Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hurrian, and Urartian languages, and it inspired the Old Persian and Ugaritic national alphabets. Even older pictographic scripts from the region are also known, including the pre-cuneiform Proto-Elamite and Ins scripts (still undeciphered).

Sources that can give light on the past, such as oral tradition, linguistics, and genetics, have become accepted by many mainstream historians. Nevertheless, archaeologists distinguish between history and prehistory based on the appearance of written documents within the region in question. This distinction remains critical for archaeologists because the availability of a written record generates very different interpretative problems and potentials.

Historiography has a number of related meanings. It can refer to the history of historical study, its methodology and practices (the history of history). It can also refer to a specific body of historical writing (for example, "medieval historiography ring the 1960s" means "medieval history written ring the 1960s"). Historiography can also be taken to mean historical theory or the study of historical writing and memory. As a meta-level analysis of descriptions of the past, this third conception can relate to the first two in that the analysis usually focuses on the narratives, interpretations, worldview, use of evidence, or method of presentation of other historians.

The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.

The "father of history" has generally been acclaimed as Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484 BC – ca.425 BC).[12] However, it is his contemporary Thucydides (ca. 460 BC – ca. 400 BC) who is credited with having begun the scientific approach to history in his work the History of the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides, unlike Herodotus and other religious historians, regarded history as being the proct of the choices and actions of human beings, and looked at cause and effect, rather than as the result of divine intervention.[12] In his historical method, Thucydides emphasized chronology, a neutral point of view, and that the human world was the result of the actions of human beings. Greek historians also viewed history as cyclical, with events regularly reoccurring.[13]

Outside of Europe, there were historical traditions and sophisticated use of historical method in ancient and medieval China. The groundwork for professional historiography in East Asia was established by the Han Dynasty court historian known as Sima Qian (145–90 BC), author of the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian). For the quality of his timeless written work, Sima Qian is posthumously known as the Father of Chinese Historiography. Chinese historians of subsequent dynastic periods in China used his Shiji as the official format for historical texts, as well as for biographical literature.

Saint Augustine was influential in Christian and Western thought at the beginning of the Medieval period. Through the Medieval and Renaissance periods, history was often studied through a sacred or religious perspective. Around 1800, German philosopher and historian Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel brought philosophy and a more secular approach in historical study.[7]

In the preface to his book the Muqaddimah, historian and early sociologist Ibn Khaln warned of seven mistakes that he thought that historians regularly committed. In this criticism, he approached the past as strange and in need of interpretation. The originality of Ibn Khaln was to claim that the cultural difference of another age must govern the evaluation of relevant historical material, to distinguish the principles according to which it might be possible to attempt the evaluation, and lastly, to feel the need for experience, in addition to rational principles, in order to assess a culture of the past.

Other historians of note who have advanced the historical methods of study include Leopold von Ranke, Lewis Bernstein Namier, Geoffrey Rudolph Elton, G.M. Trevelyan and A.J.P. Taylor. In the 20th century, historians focused less on epic nationalistic narratives, which often tended to glorify the nation or indivials, to more realistic chronologies. French historians introced quantitative history, using broad data to track the lives of typical indivials, and were prominent in the establishment of cultural history (cf. histoire des mentalités). American historians, motivated by the civil rights era, focused on formerly overlooked ethnic, racial, and socio-economic groups. In recent years, postmodernists have challenged the validity and need for the study of history on the basis that all history is based on the personal interpretation of sources. In his book In Defence of History, Richard J. Evans, a professor of modern history at Cambridge University, defended the worth of history.

5. 歷史系、和考古系、國學系分別研究的是哪些內容呢

考古學屬於人文科學領域，是歷史科學的重要組成部分。其任務在於根據古代人類通過各種活動遺留下來的食物。研究人類古代社會的歷史。留下來的東西包括遺跡和遺物。他們都埋藏於地下，必須經過科學的調查和發掘，才能被系統的完整的揭示和收集，因此考古學研究的基礎在於田野調查，發展發掘工作。一塊不起眼的化石，一件破舊不堪的瓷器。一片荒廢的殘垣，斷瓦些常人眼中平凡的不能再平凡的東西。到了考古學家的手裡就會畫腐朽為神奇，變成揭開千萬年前人類歷史之謎的重要依據。

章太炎在其《國學概論》中時稱國學之本。是驚世非神話經典柱子，非宗教歷史，非小說傳奇。治國學之方法為變書記的真偽通小學名地理知古今人情的變遷，即辯文學應用。

6. 歷史研究什麼

歷史主要學習史實、科學以及哲學多門學科。對時間空間、人類文明、社會的客觀存在和演變過程及其規律進行描述和探索的重要學科。

7. 研究歷史的主要是什麼

英國哲學家培根說過：「歷史使人明智。」歷史的經驗是前人巨大代價才總結出來的。歷史經驗包含著發人深思的哲理。要深刻地了解現實，理智地面對將來，就應當自覺地回顧歷史。現代人只有了解歷史，才能感受歷史啟迪現實的無窮魅力。惟有從歷史經驗這里感知雜亂紛紜的現實，才能體會歷史智慧的美感與簡潔感。

8. 歷史學的是研究什麼和什麼的科學

是研究自然史和人類社會史兩方面的。

歷史學的定義從內涵上可歸納為兩種。
廣義的「史學」是對「史」進行同時合訓而產生的「史有二義」的統一體，包括：（1）完全獨立於人們的意識之外的人類過往社會的客觀存在及其發展過程，和（2）歷史學家對這種客觀存在和過程及其規律的描述和探索的精神生產實踐及其創造出來的產品。狹義上的史學不包括前者，而專指後者。
狹義上的史學是一種精神生產實踐及其創造的屬於觀念形態的東西的統一體。就其性質而言，因歷史學家們考察的角度和出發點的不同，而有「活動」說、「學問」或「學術」說、「知識體系」說、「科學」說、「藝術」說和「一半是科學，一半是藝術」說、「整合」說等等不同的界定。

9. 歷史主要學什麼呢

歷史，或簡稱史，指對人類社會過去的事件和行動，以及對這些事件行為有系統的記錄、詮釋和研究。歷史可提供今人理解過去，作為未來行事的參考依據，與倫理、哲學和藝術同屬人類精神文明的重要成果。歷史的第二個含義，即對過去事件的記錄和研究，又稱為「歷史學」，或簡稱「史學」。隸屬於歷史學或與其密切相關的學科有年代學、編纂學、家譜學、古文字學、計量歷史學、考古學、社會學和新聞學等，參見歷史學。記錄和研究歷史的人稱為歷史學家，簡稱「史學家」，中國古代稱為史官。記錄歷史的書籍稱為史書，如《史記》《漢書》等，粗分為「官修」與「民載」兩類。 廣義上，「歷史」可以指過去發生的一切事件，不一定同人類社會發生聯系。在哲學上，這種含義下的歷史稱為歷史本體，例如宇宙歷史、地球歷史、鳥類歷史等等。而狹義的歷史則必須以文字記錄為基礎，即文字出現之後的歷史才算歷史，在此之前的歷史被稱為史前史。與人類社會相關的歷史，又可以稱為人類史或社會史，而脫離人類社會的過去事件稱為自然史。一般來說，歷史學僅僅研究前者，即社會史。

10. 歷史研究主要有哪些內容

事實判斷（靠史料佐證，這是歷史研究的基礎和出發點）；認識判斷（是根據可靠的史實資料而認識歷史事件的因果關系，進而透過現象看本質和探討深層次規律性的問題）；價值判斷（探討各種歷史事件和歷史人物在當時所起的作用及其對後代的影響）。

歷史主要研究哪些方面

歷史研究常用方法：

1、觀察法：研究者按照一定的目的和計劃，對研究對象進行系統的、連續的觀察，並做出准確、具體、詳盡的記錄，以便全面掌握材料，正確理解研究對象。

2、文獻法：通過閱讀有關圖書、資料和文件，全面掌握所需材料，以利研究工作。查閱的文件資料最好是第一手材料，如果是第二手材料，必須鑒別其真偽後才選用。

2、調查法：通過訪問、發問卷、開調查會、測驗等方式去收集反映研究現象的材料。必要時可同歷史研究法、實驗法等配合使用。

3、統計法：通過觀察、測驗、調查、實驗，把得到的大量數據材料進行統計分類，求出數量分析結果，用於支持研究。

4、歷史研究法：通過對人類歷史上發生過的歷史現象進行分析研究，吸其精華，探索事物發展的規律性，用於指導今天的研究。

5、比較法：對某類研究現象在不同時期、不同地點、不同社會背景情況下的不同表現，進行比較研究，以揭示事物發展的普遍規律或特殊性。

6、實驗法：在人工控制情況下，有目的有計劃地觀察研究現象的變化和結果，並分類記錄下來。它能使觀察、記錄更為精密，便於弄清每一條件對研究對象所產生的影響，保證研究工作的准確性。

8、個案研究法：對單一的人或事進行深入具體的研究，然後再作比較，找出規律性的東西。個案可以是典型的，也可以是非典型的，但要達到一定數量，才有說服力。