⑴ 英文綜述包括哪些部分
英文綜述包括六個部分:
1、標題與作者(title andauthor)。
2、摘要與關鍵詞(abstract and key words)。
3、引言(introction)。
4、述評(review)。
5、結論(conclusion)。
6、參考文獻(references)。
與研究銀閉論文相比,文獻綜述的篇章結構比較自由,敗搏陪但其中最為核心的部分是引言、述評和結論。
文獻綜述的相關寫作要求:
1、開門見山,不繞圈子。避免大篇幅地講述歷史淵源和立題研究過程。
2、言簡意賅,突出重點。不應過多敘述同行熟知的及教科書中的常識性內容,確有必要提及他人的研究成果和基本原理時,只需以參考引文的形式標出即可。在引言中提示本文的工作和觀點時,意思應明確,語言察蠢應簡練。
3、回顧歷史要有重點,內容要緊扣文章標題,圍繞標題介紹背景,用幾句話概括即可;在提示所用的方法時,不要求寫出方法、結果,不要展開討論;雖可適當引用過去的文獻內容,但不要長篇羅列,不能把前言寫成該研究的歷史發展。
不要把前言寫成文獻小綜述,更不要去重復說明那些教科書上已有或本領域研究人員所共知的常識性內容。
4、尊重科學,實事求是。在前言中,評價論文的價值要恰如其分、實事求是,用詞要科學,對本文的創新性最好不要使用「本研究國內首創、首次報道」、「填補了國內空白」、「有很高的學術價值」、「本研究內容國內未見報道」或「本研究處於國內外領先水平」等不適當的自我評語。
5、引言的內容不應與摘要雷同,注意不用客套話,如「才疏學淺」、「水平有限」、「懇請指正」、「拋磚引玉」之類的語言;前言最好不分段論述,不要插圖、列表,不進行公式的推導與證明。
⑵ 英語畢業論文文獻綜述怎麼寫的
持續性交際法對商務英語學習者口語和能力提高的研究分析
商務英語中模糊語言的應用及其語用分析
從功能對等角度看商務英語翻譯
基於學生需求分析的商務英語專業英語課程設置研究
英語商務付款信函中言語行為的語用策略研究
合作學習理論在商務英語談判課堂中的應用研究
商務英語對話中的會話含義研究
基於體裁分析的教學法在商務英語信函作教學中的應用
中職校電子商務專業英語課程模式的調查研究
商務英語教學中跨文化交際能力的培養
成人商務英語教學中學生自主學習能力的培養
商務英語作中介語錯誤分析的研究
功能對等理論視角下的商務英語翻譯
商務英語網路課件的評估:TMM個案研究
商務英語中復合形容詞的研究
圖式理論在商務英語口譯中的應用
英語商務談判中模糊語的順應論闡釋
語域理論與英語商務合同漢譯
關聯理論在商務英語閱讀教學中的應用
商務談判英語的人際意義研究
基於體裁的商務英語閱讀教學研究
英語商務報告的語體分析
商務英語閱讀策略和詞彙策略相關性研究
教師反饋對提高商務英語作準確性作用的研究
功能加忠誠模式對商務英語翻譯的啟示
商務英語信函的詞彙特點研究
商務英語詞彙的一詞多義現象研究
劍橋商務英語證書考試中句子填空的銜接分析
論任務型教學法在商務英語作教學中的運用
商務英語報憂類信函的人際意義研究
商務英語電子郵件的體裁特徵研究
商務英語信函翻譯的語用充實策略
任務型語言教學在中等職業學校商務英語中的應用研究
跨文化情境下商務英語口譯研究
基於文化圖式理論下的商務英語翻譯教學研究
遷移理論在大學商務英語口語中的應用研究
商務英語中帶連字元復合形容詞的認知研究
關聯順應模式下的商務英語翻譯
⑶ 英文文獻綜述的範文
下面是我為大家整理的一些關於“英文文獻綜述的 範文 ”的資料,供大家參閱。
英文文獻綜述範文
How to Write a Literature Review ?
I. The definition of Literature Review
文獻綜述(Literautre Review)是科研 論文 中重要的文體之一。它以作者對各種文獻資料的整理、歸納、分析和比較為基礎,就某個專題的 歷史 背景、前人的工作、研究現狀、爭論的焦點及發展前景等方面進行綜合、總結和評論。通過閱讀文獻綜述,科研工作者可花費較少的時間獲得較多的關於某一專題系統而具體的信息,了解其研究現狀、存在的問題和未來的發展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components
A. The Purposes
On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graation thesis.
On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused
research question.
B. Its Components
There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.
標題與作者(title and author)
摘要與關鍵詞(abstract and key words)
引言(introction)
述評(review)
結論(conclusion)
參考文獻(references)
III. Classification of Source Materials
How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.
A: Background sources:
Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and
encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.
B: Primary sources
Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,
biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too
many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.
C: Secondary sources
Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book
reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or
writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing
in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,
but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and
will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you
need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to
analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.
D: Web sources
The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent
resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web
sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You
may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a
good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its
own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the
authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use
information. The currency of website information should also be taken into
account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.
IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review
A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources
If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and
the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper
on a topic without reading the original source.
B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis
Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.
Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.
C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth
Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William
Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic
in depth. Choose those.
D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts
If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on
Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,
Choose the article by the expert.
E. Choosing the most current sources
If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a
scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the
books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in
periodicals.
V. Writing a literature Review
A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:
1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.
2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.
3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.
4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.
5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.
6. Criticism of the work in the area.
B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:
1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.
2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.
C. Some tips for writing the review:
1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.
2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most
related references last.
3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.
4. Start writing your review early.
VI. 文獻綜述主要部分的細節性提示和 注意事項
英文文獻主要部分細節提示:
引言(Introction)
引言是文獻綜述正文的開始部分,主要包括兩個內容:一是提出問題;二是介紹綜述的范圍
和內容。提出問題時,作者要給出定義性解釋、交代研究背景、簡單介紹不同文獻的看法和
分歧所在並介紹該文獻的寫作目的;介紹該綜述的范圍和主要內容時,作者應使用簡明扼要
的語句加以概括。
引言的內容和結構具有以下特點:
(1)綜述的引言通常包括定義性解釋、研究背景、現存問題或分歧、綜述的目的、內容和
范圍;
(2)使用一般現在時介紹背景知識,使用現在完成時敘述他人成果,使用一般將來時或一
般現在時簡介本文內容;
(3) 句子 結構力求簡潔明了,多用簡單句,並列成份較為常見;
(4)以第三人稱主語為主,間或使用第一人稱復數充當主語。
述評(Review)
述評是文獻綜述的核心所在,是對引言的展開和深入。根據引言所提出的問題和限定的范圍,
作者要對大量有關文獻進行系統的整理、歸納、對比和分析,在此基礎上列出與主題有關的
所有重要學術觀點,然後分別加以論述,以便讀者獲得全面的了解。回顧前人研究,以時間
為序,由遠及近。以有敘有議的方式體現述評的功能,敘前人研究,議其結果、探其原因、
究其不足。
分析評論,特別是表達作者自己的觀點時,要客觀、謹慎,因此多使用模糊性語言和表推測
的語言形式。
綜述的結論(Conclusion)
結論不僅是作者對全文的總結,也是作者發表個人 意見 的部分,一般有標題Conclusion 或
Summary,較短的綜述如果沒有小標題,則往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To
conclude,Inshort,In all 等 短語 引出結論。結論的內容包括:對述評的歸納、對各種問
題的評論性意見、對未來研究的建議或展望。
二.注意事項
⒈搜集文獻應盡量全面。掌握全面、大量的文獻資料是寫好綜述的前提,否則,隨便搜集一 點資料就動手撰寫是不可能寫出好的文獻綜述,甚至寫出的文章根本不成為綜述。
⒉注意引用文獻的代表性、可靠性和科學性。在搜集到的文獻中可能出現觀點雷同,有的 文獻在可靠性及科學性方面存在著差異,因此在引用文獻時應注意選用代表性、可靠性和 科學性較好的文獻。
⒊引用文獻要忠實文獻內容。由於文獻綜述有作者自己的評論分析,因此在撰寫時應分清 作者的觀點和文獻的內容,不能篡改文獻的內容。
⒋參考文獻不能省略。有的科研論文可以將參考文獻省略,但文獻綜述絕對不能省略,而 且應是文中引用過的,能反映主題全貌的並且是作者直接閱讀過的文獻資料。
5.文獻綜述不應是對已有文獻的重復、羅列和一般性介紹,而應是對以往研究的優點、不足和貢獻的批判性分析與評論。因此,文獻綜述應包括綜合提煉和分析評論雙重含義。
6.文獻綜述要文字簡潔,盡量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的語言把作者的觀點說清楚,從原始文獻中得出一般性結論。
7. 文獻綜述不是資料庫,要緊緊圍繞課題研究的“問題”,確保所述的已有研究成果與本課題研究直接相關,其內容是圍繞課題緊密組織在一起,既能系統全面地反映研究對象的歷史、現狀和趨勢,又能反映研究內容的各個方面。
8. 文獻綜述的綜述要全面、准確、客觀,用於評論的觀點、論據最好來自一次文獻,盡量避免使用別人對原始文獻的解釋或綜述。
VII. A Sample of Literature Review
A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations
Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105).
Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity
and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).
After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.
References
[1] Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999
[2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007. 226
[3] Einar, H. The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing. Language, 1950 (26):210~231
[4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004.283
[5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Beijing:
Merriam-Webster, 2009. 223
[6] New York Times, Jul. 4, 2010
[7] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Ecation Press, 2001
[8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 268
[9] Romaine, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994
[10]陳原. 社會語言學. 北京:商務印書館,2000
[11]陳原. 新詞語. 北京: 語文 出版社,2000:1
[12]丁加勇. 論流行語語義的不確定性及其發展前景. 華中 科技 大學學報,
2004,(6):160~164
[13]郭 熙,中國社會語言學. 南京:南京大學出版社, 1999.151
[14]韓李. 當代漢語流行語探析. 河南師范大學學報(哲學社會科學版),2007,
(3):181
[15]黃平飛. 淺論流行語——透過央視春晚來看流行語.科教文匯(下旬刊),
2009,(3):237
[16]姜紅. 試論 當代中國 的社會流行語. 安徽農業大學學報(社會科學版),
2005,(11):108~112
[17]勁松.流行語新探.語文建設,1999,(3):22~26
[18]李娜. 近十年流行語研究述評. 鞍山師范學院學報,2007-06,9(3):35~[39]趙麗薇,袁
曉雪. 流行語的運用方式及使用規范探究——以春晚語言類節目
為例. 調查與研究,2010,(8): 15~16
References
李麗君. 英語 學術論文 及 留學 文書寫作[M]. 北京: 清華大學出版社, 2002. 田貴森, 段曉英.英語專業 畢業 論文寫作 教程[M]. 北京: 北京理工大學出版社.
2006.
劉振聰. 英語學術論文寫作[M]. 北京: 中國人民大學出版社. 2009
⑷ 英語專業的畢業論文的文獻綜述應該怎麼寫
文獻綜述是對某一方面的專題搜集大量情報資料後經綜合分析而寫成的一種學術論文,
它是科學文獻的一種。
格式與寫法
文獻綜述的格式與一般研究性論文的格式有所不同。這是因為研究性的論文注重研究的方法和結果,特別是陽性結果,而文獻綜述要求向讀者介紹與主題有關的詳細資料、動態、進展、展望以及對以上方面的評述。因此文獻綜述的格式相對多樣,但總的來說,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主題、總結和參考文獻。撰寫文獻綜述時可按這四部分擬寫提綱,在根據提綱進行撰寫工。
前言部分,主要是說明寫作的目的,介紹有關的概念及定義以及綜述的范圍,扼要說明有關主題的現狀或爭論焦點,使讀者對全文要敘述的問題有一個初步的輪廓。
主題部分,是綜述的主體,其寫法多樣,沒有固定的格式。可按年代順序綜述,也可按不同的問題進行綜述,還可按不同的觀點進行比較綜述,不管用那一種格式綜述,都要將所搜集到的文獻資料歸納、整理及分析比較,闡明有關主題的歷史背景、現狀和發展方向,以及對這些問題的評述,主題部分應特別注意代表性強、具有科學性和創造性的文獻引用和評述。
總結部分,與研究性論文的小結有些類似,將全文主題進行扼要總結,對所綜述的主題有研究的作者,最好能提出自己的見解。
參考文獻雖然放在文末,但卻是文獻綜述的重要組成部分。因為它不僅表示對被引用文獻作者的尊重及引用文獻的依據,而且為讀者深入探討有關問題提供了文獻查找線索。因此,應認真對待。參考文獻的編排應條目清楚,查找方便,內容准確無誤。關於參考文獻的使用方法,錄著項目及格式與研究論文相同,不再重復。
⑸ 文獻綜述英文
Literature Review:文獻綜述;文獻回顧;文獻探討;文學評論;文獻分析1、Literature Review例句:
A Literature Review of University Organization Structure and Operation Mechanism
大學組織結構及其運行機制研究綜述
A Research Literature Review on Teaching Management System in Colleges and Universities in China
我國高等院校教學管理體系研究綜述
A Literature Review of Knowledge Transfer from the Perspective of Social Network
基於社會網路視角的知識轉移研究述評
2、review article例句:
Link to review article in The Lancet
鏈接到《柳葉刀》雜志的評述文章
This paper is the last part of the review article: The Progresses in Low Dimensional Condensed Matter Physics.
此文是本綜述性文章的最後一部分,介紹了二維體系的重要特性。