历史主要研究什么

1. 历史是一门了解什么的学科

历史是一门人文学科，是义务教育阶段的必修课。它主要讲述发生在过去的中外重大历史事件、重要历史人物、重要历史概念及历史线索等。通过学习，是学生获得历史基本知识和技能，初步了解人类社会历史发展的基本过程，逐步学会用历史唯物主义观点分析问题、解决问题；增强爱国主义情感，继承和发扬中华民族的优秀文化传统，树立民族自尊心和自信心；初步形成正确的国际意识，理解和尊重其他国家和民族所创造的文明成果；学习和继承人类的传统美德，从人类社会历史发展的曲折历程中理解人生的价值和意义，逐渐形成正确的世界观、人生观和价值观。

“以史为鉴”，通常都是从正面积极地告诫人吸取历史的经验教训，以便更好地把握自己，大到治理国家，小到自我修养，都应该走正道而不要走邪路。应该说很多人都是这样做或愿意这样做的。

2. 学习历史主要学什么

学习历史主要学历史学专业，要求学生学习世界历史的基本知识，了解整体人类文明的一般发展历程和世界历史研究的基本方法，接受史学理论、史料学、历史地理学、国际政治学、国际经济学、国际关系学、外国语及文化人类学等方面的基本训练。

历史学类专业主要包括中国史、世界史、考古学一级学科，以及博物馆学、民族学、文物学等二级学科。

历史学最早产生于春秋战国，孔子就已经开始历史学教育，创作《春秋》着作。到汉朝司马迁父子建立更加完善的历史学体系和创作形式，历史学已经开始成为官方研究重点。东汉的班固就是在专门保存书籍的兰台（御史台）修史，开始官方对史学的控制，禁止私人修史。

史学摆脱对经学的依附地位，并与传统的经、律两学鼎足而立，成为官学中一个完全独立的部门，这在中国古代史学发展上还是极具重要意义的。后来它有了编纂学、文献学的内容；至清代乾嘉时期，人们又赋予了史学以历史叙述技巧和历史认识方法等内容。

在中国古代史学发展史上，作为人类过往社会客观存在的“历史”与作为一种专门性学问的人们对它进行认识、描述的活动及其结果的“史学”，最后实现了初步的分离。这是古代历史学家经过数千年探索的结果，亦是他们在史学认识上的最大成就之一。

(2)历史主要研究什么扩展阅读：

1、坚持历史学是一门科学的历史学家，一方面沿着卢基阿努斯开辟的认识路径，从历史学与文学的区别中把真实性确定为历史学的本质特性之一；另一方面，沿着马克思和恩格斯开辟的辩证的、历史的和唯物的认识路径，从历史本体论和史学本体论的高度，深刻阐述了历史学研究对象的客观实在性，从而为历史学打下了坚实的基础。

2、历史学是科学。它的科学性的一般根据有二：一是它的研究对象的客观实在性和真实性。历史学研究的对象——世界各民族、国家的历史现象、历史事件和历史人物等等，以及由它们所构成的历史运动事实和过程，——作为历史存在，是客观实在的东西，它不以历史认识者的主观意志而改变，具有客观实在性和真实性。

3、中国历史学的科学性，除它具备了一门学科的科学性所必须符合的一般性要求以外，根本的依据就在于它是归属于马克思主义历史学范畴的一门学科。换言之，马克思主义历史学的科学性，根本地决定了中国历史学的科学性。

3. 历史学家是研究什么的呢

历史学家也称史学家，是指以撰写历史着作为职业或对历史学的创立、发展与应用付出努力的知识分子。以历史为自己学术研究对象的人群，一般都是指在该领域颇有威望的人士。历史学家包括历史记录的编撰者和历史材料的研究者。
在古代中国，历史学的传统主要是以历史编撰的形式创立和发展的，在西汉历史编撰者司马迁之后，唐代的刘知几开创了另外一种门类的工作，即对历史编撰这项工作本身的研究（historiography）。在宋代，开始了以以往的历史记录为材料的针对“历史”的研究活动。

4. 历史学研究什么

历史学研究什么？

历史学（history），简称史学，是专门研究历史的学科，一般而言，其专指整理与研究人类有文字以来所留下的文字与图像纪录的学科。

History is the study of the past, focused on human activity and leading up to the present day.[1] All that is remembered of the past and preserved in some form is seen as the historical record.[2] Some historians study universal history, comprising all that has been recorded of the human past and all that can be deced from artifacts. Others focus on certain methods, such as chronology, demographics, historiography, genealogy, paleography, and cliometrics, or areas, for example History of Brazil (1889–1930), History of China, or History of Science.

The word history is derived from the Ancient Greek ἱστορία, historía, meaning "a learning or knowing by inquiry, history, record, narrative." The Latin form was historia, "narrative, account." In Old French, the word "estoire" was coined by Brigitte Gasson.[1] The word entered the English language in 1390 with the meaning of "relation of incidents, story". In Middle English, the meaning was "story" in general. The restriction to the meaning "record of past events" in the sense of Herodotus arises in the late 15th century. In German, French, and indeed, most languages of the world other than English, this distinction was never made, and the same word is used to mean both "history" and "story".

Broad discipline
Although the broad discipline of history has often been classified under either the humanities or the social sciences,[3] and can be seen as a bridge between them, incorporating methodologies from both fields of study, Ritter places history in the humanities, and asserts that it is not a science.[4] In the 20th century the study of History has been revolutionized by French historian Fernand Braudel, by considering the effects of such outside disciplines as economics, anthropology, and geography on global history. Traditionally, historians have attempted to answer historical questions through the study of written documents, although historical research is not limited merely to these sources. In general, the sources of historical knowledge can be separated into three categories: what is written, what is said, and what is physically preserved, and historians often consult all three.[5] Historians frequently emphasize the importance of written records, which would limit history to times after the development of writing. This emphasis has led to the term prehistory,[6] referring to a time before written sources are available. Since writing emerged at different times throughout the world, the distinction between prehistory and history is often dependent on the area being studied.

There are a variety of ways in which the past can be divided, including chronologically, culturally, and topically. These three divisions are not mutually exclusive, and significant overlaps are often present, as in "The Argentine Labor Movement in an Age of Transition, 1930–1945." It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very general, although the trend has been toward specialization. The area called Big History resists this specialization, and searches for universal patterns or trends. Traditionally, history has been studied with some practical or theoretical aim, but now it is also studied simply out of intellectual curiosity.[7]

History and prehistory

Stonehenge, United KingdomThe development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices and events are the subject of history. In the 20th century, the division between history and prehistory became problematic. Criticism arose because of history's implicit exclusion of certain civilizations, such as those of Sub-Saharan Africa and pre-Columbian America. Historians in the West have been criticized for focusing disproportionately on the Western world.[8][9]

Additionally, prehistorians such as Vere Gordon Childe and historical archaeologists such as James Deetz began using archaeology to explain important events in areas that were traditionally in the field of written history. Historians began looking beyond traditional political history narratives with new approaches such as economic, social and cultural history, all of which relied on various sources of evidence. In recent decades, strict barriers between history and prehistory may be decreasing.

There are differing views for the definition of when history begins. Some believe history began in the 34th century BC, with cuneiform writing. Cuneiform was written on clay tablets, on which symbols were drawn with a blunt reed called a stylus. The impressions left by the stylus were wedge-shaped, thus giving rise to the name cuneiform ("wedge-shaped"). The Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hurrian, and Urartian languages, and it inspired the Old Persian and Ugaritic national alphabets. Even older pictographic scripts from the region are also known, including the pre-cuneiform Proto-Elamite and Ins scripts (still undeciphered).

Sources that can give light on the past, such as oral tradition, linguistics, and genetics, have become accepted by many mainstream historians. Nevertheless, archaeologists distinguish between history and prehistory based on the appearance of written documents within the region in question. This distinction remains critical for archaeologists because the availability of a written record generates very different interpretative problems and potentials.

Historiography has a number of related meanings. It can refer to the history of historical study, its methodology and practices (the history of history). It can also refer to a specific body of historical writing (for example, "medieval historiography ring the 1960s" means "medieval history written ring the 1960s"). Historiography can also be taken to mean historical theory or the study of historical writing and memory. As a meta-level analysis of descriptions of the past, this third conception can relate to the first two in that the analysis usually focuses on the narratives, interpretations, worldview, use of evidence, or method of presentation of other historians.

The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.

The "father of history" has generally been acclaimed as Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484 BC – ca.425 BC).[12] However, it is his contemporary Thucydides (ca. 460 BC – ca. 400 BC) who is credited with having begun the scientific approach to history in his work the History of the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides, unlike Herodotus and other religious historians, regarded history as being the proct of the choices and actions of human beings, and looked at cause and effect, rather than as the result of divine intervention.[12] In his historical method, Thucydides emphasized chronology, a neutral point of view, and that the human world was the result of the actions of human beings. Greek historians also viewed history as cyclical, with events regularly reoccurring.[13]

Outside of Europe, there were historical traditions and sophisticated use of historical method in ancient and medieval China. The groundwork for professional historiography in East Asia was established by the Han Dynasty court historian known as Sima Qian (145–90 BC), author of the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian). For the quality of his timeless written work, Sima Qian is posthumously known as the Father of Chinese Historiography. Chinese historians of subsequent dynastic periods in China used his Shiji as the official format for historical texts, as well as for biographical literature.

Saint Augustine was influential in Christian and Western thought at the beginning of the Medieval period. Through the Medieval and Renaissance periods, history was often studied through a sacred or religious perspective. Around 1800, German philosopher and historian Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel brought philosophy and a more secular approach in historical study.[7]

In the preface to his book the Muqaddimah, historian and early sociologist Ibn Khaln warned of seven mistakes that he thought that historians regularly committed. In this criticism, he approached the past as strange and in need of interpretation. The originality of Ibn Khaln was to claim that the cultural difference of another age must govern the evaluation of relevant historical material, to distinguish the principles according to which it might be possible to attempt the evaluation, and lastly, to feel the need for experience, in addition to rational principles, in order to assess a culture of the past.

Other historians of note who have advanced the historical methods of study include Leopold von Ranke, Lewis Bernstein Namier, Geoffrey Rudolph Elton, G.M. Trevelyan and A.J.P. Taylor. In the 20th century, historians focused less on epic nationalistic narratives, which often tended to glorify the nation or indivials, to more realistic chronologies. French historians introced quantitative history, using broad data to track the lives of typical indivials, and were prominent in the establishment of cultural history (cf. histoire des mentalités). American historians, motivated by the civil rights era, focused on formerly overlooked ethnic, racial, and socio-economic groups. In recent years, postmodernists have challenged the validity and need for the study of history on the basis that all history is based on the personal interpretation of sources. In his book In Defence of History, Richard J. Evans, a professor of modern history at Cambridge University, defended the worth of history.

5. 历史系、和考古系、国学系分别研究的是哪些内容呢

考古学属于人文科学领域，是历史科学的重要组成部分。其任务在于根据古代人类通过各种活动遗留下来的食物。研究人类古代社会的历史。留下来的东西包括遗迹和遗物。他们都埋藏于地下，必须经过科学的调查和发掘，才能被系统的完整的揭示和收集，因此考古学研究的基础在于田野调查，发展发掘工作。一块不起眼的化石，一件破旧不堪的瓷器。一片荒废的残垣，断瓦些常人眼中平凡的不能再平凡的东西。到了考古学家的手里就会画腐朽为神奇，变成揭开千万年前人类历史之谜的重要依据。

章太炎在其《国学概论》中时称国学之本。是惊世非神话经典柱子，非宗教历史，非小说传奇。治国学之方法为变书记的真伪通小学名地理知古今人情的变迁，即辩文学应用。

6. 历史研究什么

历史主要学习史实、科学以及哲学多门学科。对时间空间、人类文明、社会的客观存在和演变过程及其规律进行描述和探索的重要学科。

7. 研究历史的主要是什么

英国哲学家培根说过：“历史使人明智。”历史的经验是前人巨大代价才总结出来的。历史经验包含着发人深思的哲理。要深刻地了解现实，理智地面对将来，就应当自觉地回顾历史。现代人只有了解历史，才能感受历史启迪现实的无穷魅力。惟有从历史经验这里感知杂乱纷纭的现实，才能体会历史智慧的美感与简洁感。

8. 历史学的是研究什么和什么的科学

是研究自然史和人类社会史两方面的。

历史学的定义从内涵上可归纳为两种。
广义的“史学”是对“史”进行同时合训而产生的“史有二义”的统一体，包括：（1）完全独立于人们的意识之外的人类过往社会的客观存在及其发展过程，和（2）历史学家对这种客观存在和过程及其规律的描述和探索的精神生产实践及其创造出来的产品。狭义上的史学不包括前者，而专指后者。
狭义上的史学是一种精神生产实践及其创造的属于观念形态的东西的统一体。就其性质而言，因历史学家们考察的角度和出发点的不同，而有“活动”说、“学问”或“学术”说、“知识体系”说、“科学”说、“艺术”说和“一半是科学，一半是艺术”说、“整合”说等等不同的界定。

9. 历史主要学什么呢

历史，或简称史，指对人类社会过去的事件和行动，以及对这些事件行为有系统的记录、诠释和研究。历史可提供今人理解过去，作为未来行事的参考依据，与伦理、哲学和艺术同属人类精神文明的重要成果。历史的第二个含义，即对过去事件的记录和研究，又称为“历史学”，或简称“史学”。隶属于历史学或与其密切相关的学科有年代学、编纂学、家谱学、古文字学、计量历史学、考古学、社会学和新闻学等，参见历史学。记录和研究历史的人称为历史学家，简称“史学家”，中国古代称为史官。记录历史的书籍称为史书，如《史记》《汉书》等，粗分为“官修”与“民载”两类。 广义上，“历史”可以指过去发生的一切事件，不一定同人类社会发生联系。在哲学上，这种含义下的历史称为历史本体，例如宇宙历史、地球历史、鸟类历史等等。而狭义的历史则必须以文字记录为基础，即文字出现之后的历史才算历史，在此之前的历史被称为史前史。与人类社会相关的历史，又可以称为人类史或社会史，而脱离人类社会的过去事件称为自然史。一般来说，历史学仅仅研究前者，即社会史。

10. 历史研究主要有哪些内容

事实判断（靠史料佐证，这是历史研究的基础和出发点）；认识判断（是根据可靠的史实资料而认识历史事件的因果关系，进而透过现象看本质和探讨深层次规律性的问题）；价值判断（探讨各种历史事件和历史人物在当时所起的作用及其对后代的影响）。

历史主要研究哪些方面

历史研究常用方法：

1、观察法：研究者按照一定的目的和计划，对研究对象进行系统的、连续的观察，并做出准确、具体、详尽的记录，以便全面掌握材料，正确理解研究对象。

2、文献法：通过阅读有关图书、资料和文件，全面掌握所需材料，以利研究工作。查阅的文件资料最好是第一手材料，如果是第二手材料，必须鉴别其真伪后才选用。

2、调查法：通过访问、发问卷、开调查会、测验等方式去收集反映研究现象的材料。必要时可同历史研究法、实验法等配合使用。

3、统计法：通过观察、测验、调查、实验，把得到的大量数据材料进行统计分类，求出数量分析结果，用于支持研究。

4、历史研究法：通过对人类历史上发生过的历史现象进行分析研究，吸其精华，探索事物发展的规律性，用于指导今天的研究。

5、比较法：对某类研究现象在不同时期、不同地点、不同社会背景情况下的不同表现，进行比较研究，以揭示事物发展的普遍规律或特殊性。

6、实验法：在人工控制情况下，有目的有计划地观察研究现象的变化和结果，并分类记录下来。它能使观察、记录更为精密，便于弄清每一条件对研究对象所产生的影响，保证研究工作的准确性。

8、个案研究法：对单一的人或事进行深入具体的研究，然后再作比较，找出规律性的东西。个案可以是典型的，也可以是非典型的，但要达到一定数量，才有说服力。