冰岛有多少年的历史

⑴ 请问冰岛的历史及现状

首都：雷克雅未克（Reykjavik）
民族：属日耳曼族
宗教：88.7％的人口信奉基督教路德教派。
货币：1克朗(Króna)，等于100埃利(Aurar)，钞票面值包括500、1000、2000、5000克朗，铜板包括1、5、10、50、100克朗。
语言：冰岛语为官方语言；英语、丹麦语为通用语言
时差：比北京时间晚9小时
区号：354
国庆日：6月17日
位置：位于北大西洋中部，靠近北极圈，为欧洲第二大岛。海岸线长约4970公里。
人口：27．6万人（2002年）。绝大多数为冰岛人，属日耳曼族。官方语言为冰岛语，英语为通用语言。近90％的人信奉基督教路德教派。
区划：全国分为23个省、21个自治市和203个教区。

冰岛是欧洲最西部的国家，位于北大西洋中部，靠近北极圈，冰川面积占8000平方公里，为欧洲第二大岛。海岸线长约4970公里。全境3/4是海拔400-800米的高原，其中1/8被冰川覆盖。有100多座火山，其中活火山30多座。华纳达尔斯赫努克火山为全国最高峰，海拔2119米。冰岛几乎整个国家都建立在火山岩石上，大部分土地不能开垦，是世界温泉最多的国家，所以被称为冰火之国。多喷泉、瀑布、湖泊和湍急河流，最大河流锡尤尔骚河长227公里。 冰岛全境遍布国家公园与自然保护区，其中最壮观的是Myvatn自然保护区与Tingvellir?kulsárgljufúr(杰古沙龙)、史卡法特(Skaftafell)等国家公园。史卡法特国家公园最着名的景点就是史瓦提(Svartifoss)瀑布；杰古沙龙国家公园内的杰古沙龙湖是在冰河底端所形成的一个湖，深达100公尺。 8世纪末爱尔兰修道士首先移居冰岛。9世纪后半叶挪威人开始向冰岛移民。874年，挪威贵族英格尔夫 阿尔纳尔松（Ingolfur Arnarson）成为第一个定居冰岛的人。930年冰岛议会和冰岛联邦成立。1000年，基督教被确定为国教。1262年，冰岛臣属挪威。1380年，冰、挪被丹麦征服。1904年，冰岛获得内部自治。1918年冰、丹签订联邦法，冰岛成为丹麦联邦内的主权国家，但外交事务仍由丹麦控制。1940年，德军占领丹麦，冰、丹关系中断。同年英军进驻冰岛。1941年美军取代英军驻冰。1944年6月16日冰议会正式宣布解散冰丹联盟，17日冰岛共和国正式成立。

自然地理：面积为10．3万平方公里。是欧洲最西部的国家，位于北大西洋中部，靠近北极圈，冰川面积占8000平方公里，为欧洲第二大岛。海岸线长约4970公里。全境3／4是海拔400－800米的高原，其中1／8被冰川覆盖。有100多座火山，其中活火山20多座。华纳达尔斯赫努克火山为全国最高峰，海拔2119米。冰岛几乎整个国家都建立在火山岩石上，大部分土地不能开垦，是世界温泉最多的国家，所以被称为冰火之国。多喷泉、瀑布、湖泊和湍急河流，最大河流锡尤尔骚河长227公里。冰岛属寒温带海洋性气候，变化无常。因受墨西哥湾暖流影响，较同纬度的其他地方温和。夏季日照长，冬季日照极短。秋季和冬初可见极光。

简史：8世纪末，爱尔兰修道士首先移居冰岛。9世纪后半叶，挪威开始向冰岛移民。公元930年建立议会和冰岛联邦。1262年，冰岛和挪威签定协议，冰岛臣属于挪威。1380年冰、挪同归丹麦统治。1904年获内部自治。1918年，冰丹签订联邦法，规定冰为主权国家，但外交事务仍由丹麦控制。1940年丹麦被德国占领，冰丹关系中断。同年英军进驻，次年美军取代英军驻冰。1944年6月16日冰议会正式宣布解散冰丹联盟，17日成立冰岛共和国。1946年加入联合国，1949年成为北约成员国。

经济：渔业是经济支柱，工业以渔产品加工和炼铝等高能耗工业为主。外贸依存度大。渔业、水利和地热资源丰富，其他自然资源匮乏，石油等产品需要进口。可开发的年水力发电量为640亿度，地热能年发电量可达72亿度。工业基础薄弱，除渔产品加工和针织等轻工业外，工业以炼铝等高能耗工业为主。渔业是冰岛国民经济的支柱产业，主要鱼种有毛鳞鱼、鳕鱼和青鱼，绝大部分渔产品出口，渔产品出口占商品出口总额的近70％。冰岛的渔船队装备精良，鱼类加工技术在世界上占领先地位。所处纬度高, 日照量少，仅南部几个农场年产400～500吨农作物。可耕地面积1000平方公里，占全国总面积的1％。畜牧业占较主要地位，大部分农业用地被用做饲料草场。相应的毛纺业和制革业比较发达。肉、奶、蛋自给有余，粮食、蔬菜、水果基本依靠进口。温室培育西红柿、黄瓜产量可满足国内70％的消费。服务业在国民经济中占重要地位，包括商业、银行、保险和公共服务等，其产值约占国内生产总值的一半，从业人数占总劳力的三分之二强。1980年起大力发展旅游事业。主要旅游点有大冰川、火山地貌、地热喷泉和瀑布等。冰岛的人均国内生产总值近3万美元，名列世界前茅。那里的空气与水源的清新纯净在世界上堪称第一。人的平均寿命达到女82．2岁，男78．1岁。全民文化程度较高，早在100多年前冰岛就消灭了文盲。1999年冰岛已成为世界上移动电话普及率最高的国家。

⑵ 冰岛历史,由来简介

面积为10.3万平方公里,为欧洲第二大岛。是欧洲最西部的国家，位于北大西洋中部 首都雷克雅未克
，北边紧贴北极圈，冰岛1/8被冰川覆盖，冰川面积占8000平方公里，海岸线长约4970公里。 整个冰岛是个碗状高地，四周为海岸山脉，中间为一高原。大部分是台地，台地高度大多在400至800米之间，个别山峰可达1300至1700米，冰岛最高峰是华纳达尔斯赫努克山（2119米）。低地面积很小，西部和西南部分布有海成平原和冰水冲积平原，平原面积占全岛的7%左右。无冰川流过的海岸线不规则，多峡湾、小海湾。其他沿海地区主要为沙滩，岸外的沙洲形成潟湖。 冰岛有100多座火山，以“极圈火岛”之名着称，共有火山200至300座，有40至50座活火山。主要的火山有拉基火山、华纳达尔斯火山、海克拉火山与卡特拉火山等等。华纳达尔斯赫努克火山为全国最高峰，海拔2119米。冰岛几乎整个国家都建立在火山岩石上，大部分土地不能开垦，1963年至1967年在西南岸的火山活动形成了一个约2.1平方公里的小岛。 冰岛是世界温泉最多的国家，所以被称为“冰火之国”。全岛约有250个碱性温泉，最大的温泉每秒可产生200升的泉水。 冰岛多喷泉、瀑布、湖泊和湍急河流，最大河流锡尤尔骚河长227公里。冰岛属寒温带海洋性气候，变化无常。因受北大西洋暖流影响，较同纬度的其他地方温和。夏季日照长，冬季日照极短。秋季和冬初可见极光。 冰岛有“火山岛”、“雾岛”、“冰封的土地”、“冰与火之岛”之称。

⑶ 中国和冰岛，哪个历史更古老

斯堪的纳维亚人和凯尔特人余裂迹在第9和10世纪间移民源孝到冰岛之前，冰岛是除新西兰外世竖并界上最后一个无人居住的大岛。所以可以说冰岛的历史到现在21世纪有12个世纪，也就是1200多年的历史，而中国上下五千年，一比当然是中国古老。

⑷ 冰岛 英文简介

Iceland (Icelandic, Ísland), island republic, in the North Atlantic Ocean, about 300 km (about 185 mi) east of Greenland and about 1,000 km (about 620 mi) west of Norway. The country’s extreme dimensions are about 305 km (about 190 mi) from north to south and about 485 km (about 300 mi) from east to west. Iceland has an area of 103,000 sq km (39,800 sq mi).

II LAND AND RESOURCES

In shape Iceland is generally elliptic, and the coastline, with a total length of 4,990 km (3,100 mi), is deeply indented, especially in the west and north. Important embayments on the West Coast are Faxaflói (bay) and Breiðafjörður (fjord). Projecting northwest between the latter and Húnaflói (bay), one of the major indentations on the northern coast, is an irregularly formed peninsula fringed by precipitous cliffs. The peninsular coastline makes up about 30 percent of the total for the island. Volcanic in origin, Iceland consists predominantly of uninhabitable lava tablelands with mountainous outcroppings; the lowlands, situated mainly along the southwestern coast, occupy about 25 percent of the total area. The bulk of the Icelandic population lives along the coast, particularly in the southwest.

Elevations in the uplands average between about 610 and 915 m (about 2,000 and 3,000 ft). Hvannadalshnúkur (2,119 m/6,952 ft), in the southeast, is the highest summit. Nearly 15 percent of the surface of the island is covered by snowfields and glaciers. Vatnajökull, a glacier in the southeast, has an area of 8,456 sq km (3,265 sq mi). The island has more than 120 glaciers and numerous small lakes and swift-flowing rivers.

Iceland is remarkable for the number of its volcanoes, craters, and thermal springs and for the frequency of its earthquakes. More than 100 volcanoes, including at least 25 that have erupted in historic times, are situated on the island. Noteworthy among the volcanoes are Hekla (1,491 m/4,892 ft), which has erupted many times, including in 1766, 1947, and 1980, and nearby Laki, with about 100 separate craters. Vast lava fields have been created by volcanoes, and many eruptions have caused widespread devastation. In 1783, when the only known eruption of Laki occurred, molten lava, volcanic ashes and gases, and torrential floods resulting from melting ice and snow led to the deaths of more than 9,000 people, ruined large tracts of arable land, and destroyed about 80 percent of the livestock on the island. In 1963 an ocean-floor volcano erupted off the southwestern coast of Iceland, creating Surtsey Island. In 1973 a volcano on Heimaey Island became active, forcing the evacuation of the island’s main town, Vestmannaeyjar.

Thermal springs are common in Iceland. Particularly numerous in the volcanic areas, the springs occur as geysers, as boiling mud lakes, and in various other forms. Geysir, generally regarded as the most spectacular, erupts at irregular intervals (usually from 5 to 36 hr), ejecting a column of boiling water up to about 60 m (about 200 ft) in height. Most homes and instrial establishments in the Reykjavík area are heated by water piped from nearby hot springs.

A Climate

Iceland has a relatively mild and equable climate, despite its high altitude and its proximity to the Arctic. Because of oceanic influences, notably the North Atlantic Drift (a continuation of the Gulf Stream), climatic conditions are moderate in all sections of the island. The mean annual temperature at Reykjavík is about 5° C (about 41° F), with a range from -1° C (31° F) in January to 11° C (52° F) in July. In the northwestern, northern, and eastern coastal regions, subject to the effects of polar currents and drifting ice, temperatures are generally lower. Windstorms of considerable violence are characteristic ring much of the winter season. Annual precipitation ranges between about 1,270 and 2,030 mm (about 50 and 80 in) along the southern coast, and is only about 510 mm (about 20 in) along the northern coast. The southern slopes of some of Iceland’s interior mountains receive up to about 4,570 mm (about 180 in) of moisture per year.

B Plants and Animals

The vegetation of Iceland is of the arctic European type. Grass and heather are abundant along the southern coast and afford pasturage for sheep and other livestock. Extensive forests probably existed on the island in prehistoric times, but present-day trees, such as birch and spruce, are relatively scarce. Bilberries and crowberries are the only kinds of fruit that grow on the island. The arctic fox was probably living in Iceland at the time of the first human settlement. Reindeer were introced about 1770; rodents were brought in on ships. Neither reptiles nor frogs and toads are found. About 100 species of birds inhabit the island; many of these species are aquatic, among them the whistling swan and several kinds of ck. The eider ck is valued for its down. Whales and seals live along the coast, as do cod, haddock, halibut, and herring. Many salmon and trout inhabit Iceland’s freshwater rivers and lakes.

III POPULATION

The population of Iceland is extremely homogeneous, being almost entirely of Scandinavian and Celtic origin. Beginning in the 1940s a large-scale movement to the coastal towns and villages has occurred. Some 92 percent of the people now live in cities and towns. The population of Iceland (2002 estimate) is 279,384. The overall population density is 2.7 persons per sq km (7 per sq mi).

A Political Divisions and Principal Cities

Iceland is divided into eight regions, each with its own administrative center. Reykjavík (population, 1998 estimate, 108,351) is the capital and chief port. Other towns are Akureyri (15,102), on the northern coast; Kópavogur (21,370), Hafnarfjörður (18,600), and Keflavík (7,637), on the western coast near Reykjavík; and Vestmannaeyjar (4,640), on the tiny island of Heimaey off the southern coast.

B Religion and Language

The state church of Iceland is the Evangelical Lutheran church, with which about 90 percent of the people are affiliated. Complete religious freedom exists, however. Free Lutherans and Roman Catholics make up a small minority. The language is Icelandic, which has remained closer to the Old Norse of Iceland’s original Viking settlers than to the other Scandinavian languages. See Icelandic Language; Icelandic Literature.

C Ecation

Literacy in Iceland approaches 100 percent of the alt population. Ecation is free through the university level and is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 16. In the 1998-1999 school year 30,355 pupils were enrolled in primary schools, 30,253 students attended secondary and vocational schools, and 7386 were enrolled in higher institutions. The leading institution of higher ecation is the University of Iceland (1911), in Reykjavík. The country also has a technical college and colleges of agriculture and music as well as teacher-training schools.

The principal libraries of Iceland are the University Library, the National Library, and the City Library, all located in Reykjavík. The capital is also the site of the Museum of Natural History; the National Museum, containing a major collection of Icelandic antiquities; and an art gallery housing the work of the Icelandic sculptor Einar Jónsson.

IV ECONOMY

Private enterprise forms the basis of the economy of Iceland, but the government exercises a considerable degree of control and supervision over key sectors. Until the close of the 19th century, agriculture was the chief occupation, with fishing as a supplementary source of income. By the middle of the 20th century, however, fishing and fish processing had become the major instries. Hydroelectric power potential is abundant and is being developed to further instrialization. In 1970 Iceland became a member of the European Free Trade Association. The national budget in 1998 included revenue of $2.4 billion and expenditure of $2.4 billion. Iceland suffered from a high rate of inflation in the late 1970s and the 1980s, but the rate decreased substantially in the early 1990s. In 2000 Iceland’s gross domestic proct was $8.5 billion.

A Agriculture

Only 9 percent of Iceland’s labor force is engaged in agriculture and fishing. Only 0.07 percent of the land area is under cultivation. The principal crops are turnips and potatoes. Livestock raising is a major occupation, and considerable quantities of dairy procts, wool, mutton and lamb, and chicken eggs are proced. In 2001 the country had 465,000 sheep, 72,100 cattle, and 77,330 horses.

B Fishing

Fishing and fish processing are the most important Icelandic instries, and the total catch in 1997 was 2.2 million metric tons. Food procts, including fresh and processed fish, account for 70 percent of Iceland’s exports. Iceland is a leading procer of cod, and other major components of the catch include capelin, haddock, crustaceans, herring, redfish, and saithe. Coastal towns have extensive facilities for fish processing. In response to international pressure, Iceland suspended all whaling operations in 1989. However, in June 1992 Iceland withdrew from the International Whaling Commission, disputing the designation of some species of whales as endangered and claiming that certain species threatened Iceland’s commercial fish population.

C Mining

Iceland has few proven mineral resources, and profitable development has been difficult. Minerals of commercial value include pumice and diatomite.

D Manufacturing

Aside from fish processing, manufacturing is primarily for domestic consumption needs. Principal procts are clothing, shoes, soaps, and chemicals. Book proction is also a large trade in Iceland. Some electrical appliances are made. In addition, major plants procing aluminum (from imported bauxite) and ferrosilicon have been established to take advantage of Iceland’s energy resources.

E Energy

Hydroelectric installations proce 85 percent of Iceland’s electricity, with geothermal sources supplying the rest. Output in 1999 was 7.1 billion kilowatt hours. Hot water from springs is used for heating and in some manufacturing operations.

F Currency and Banking

The monetary unit of Iceland is the króna, consisting of 100 aurar (78.62 krónur equal U.S. $1; 2000). In 1981 the government introced a new króna, equivalent to 100 old krónur. Currency is issued by the state-owned Central Bank (1961). Iceland has several private commercial banks.

G Foreign Trade

The yearly value of Iceland’s imports is often greater than that of its exports, although the country’s foreign trade balances occasionally. In 2000 imports cost $2.6 billion, and exports earned $1.9 billion. Major imports include refined petroleum, machinery, transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, basic manufactures, and foodstuffs. Exports of metal and ores, including a significant amount of aluminum, account for 16 percent of total exports. The country’s main trade partners are the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, France, Norway, and Japan.

H Transportation and Communications

Iceland has 12,962 km (8,054 mi) of roads, which are mainly located in coastal areas. In 1999 Iceland had 546 passenger cars for every 1,000 residents. The island has no railroads or navigable rivers. The country has several seaports, including Arkanes, Keflavík, Reykjavík, and Siglufjörður. Icelandair provides domestic and international air service.

There are 3 daily newspapers published in Iceland, with a combined circulation of 145,000. Telephone and telegraph services are owned and administered by the government; the state monopoly on radio and television broadcasting ended in 1986. In 1997 the country had 950 radio receivers and 358 television sets for every 1,000 inhabitants.

V GOVERNMENT

Iceland is governed under a constitution that became effective when the country achieved full independence in 1944. Iceland has no armed forces of its own except for 120 coast guard personnel, but is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 1997 some 1,520 United States military personnel were stationed at Keflavík air base.

A Executive

The head of state of Iceland is a president, who is elected by universal suffrage by persons aged 18 and older to a four-year term. The president has little power, and the country’s chief executive is a prime minister, who is responsible to Parliament. The prime minister is assisted by a cabinet, which holds real executive power.

B Legislature

The legislature of Iceland is the Althing, which has met almost continually since its establishment in ad 930, and which was converted from a bicameral to a unicameral system in 1991. It has 63 members, 54 elected to four-year terms under a system of proportional representation and 9 allotted to the political parties based on their relative vote totals in the elections.

C Political Parties

The leading political organizations of Iceland are the Independence Party, a conservative group; the leftist Alliance coalition, which includes the People’s Alliance, the People’s Party, and the Alliance of Women’s List; the liberal Progressive Party; and the Left-Green Alliance. Governments in Iceland are generally formed by coalitions, including the current government of the Independence Party and the Progressive Party.

⑸ 冰岛这个国家实力如何历史上属于哪个国家的领地什么时候独立的

国家简介冰岛共和国（冰岛语：Lýðveldið Ísland；英语：The Republic of Iceland）是北大西洋中的一个岛国，代码IS，简称冰岛，位于格陵兰岛和英国中间，首都雷克雅未克。地理概念上，冰岛经常被视为是北欧五国的一份子。今日的冰岛已是一个高度发展的发达国家，拥有世界排名第五的人均国内生产总值，以及世界排名第一的人类发展指数。目前，冰岛是联合国、北大西洋公约组织、欧洲自由贸易联盟、欧洲经济区、北欧理事会与经济合作与发展组织的会员国，但是并未加入欧洲联盟斯堪的纳维亚人和凯尔特人在第9和10世纪间移民到冰岛之前，冰岛是除新西兰外世界上最后一个无人居住的大岛。冰岛以公元930年建立了世界上最早的议会而自豪，虽然这一议会此后并未运行多久。某些文字证据显示，爱尔兰人的僧侣曾经在北方人到达之前在冰岛生活过，不过没有考古学上的证据证明这一推断。北欧人曾以此为跳板进入格陵兰岛。
冰岛保持了300年的独立，随后被挪威和丹麦统治。1814年丹麦-挪威联合王国根据基尔协议（treaty of Kiel）分治之前，冰岛是挪威国王的殖民地，此后成为丹麦的附属国。1874年，丹麦政府给予冰岛有限的自治，1918年，冰岛在内政方面进一步获得了类似于保护国的独立和主权，外交和国防方面丹麦仍保留权力。1940年，纳粹德国在二战期间占领丹麦，同年盟军占领了冰岛。 丹麦国王继续保持法律上的统治直到1944年冰岛共和国建立。

⑹ 冰岛在哪里在什么国家

冰岛位于北大西洋中部，是一个欧洲国家。

冰岛面积为10.3万平方千米，为欧洲第二大岛。冰岛是欧洲最西部的国家，位于北大西洋中部，北边紧贴北极圈，冰岛1/8被冰川覆盖，冰川面积占1.3万平方千米，海岸线长约4970千米。北临格陵兰海，西北隔丹麦海峡和格陵兰相邻，东北部为挪威海。

整个冰岛是个碗状高地，四周为海岸山脉，中间为一高原。大部分是台地，台地高度大多在400-800米之间，个别山峰可达1300-1700米，冰岛最高峰是华纳达尔斯赫努克山（2119米）。低地面积很小，西部和西南部分布有海成平原和冰水冲积平原，平原面积占全岛的7%左右。

冰岛的历史沿革

根据《殖 民之书》的记述，欧洲定居者的历史最早可追溯至公元颂备隐874年，维京人殷格·亚纳逊一行是冰岛最早的永久定居者，其他更早的定居者仅在冰岛过滚绝冬。其后的几个世纪，斯堪的纳维亚人在冰岛定居，他们也带来了盖尔人奴隶。

1262-1918年冰岛成为了挪威的一部分，之后属丹麦王野厅室治下。1918年冰岛宣布独立并在1944年成立共 和国。

⑺ 冰岛历史上有被别的国家侵略过吗 它国土面积有多大

面积为10.3万平方公里。是欧洲最西部的国家，位于北大西洋中部，靠近北极圈，冰川面积占8000平方公里，为欧洲第二大岛。

绝大多数为冰岛人，属日耳曼族。近90％的人信奉基督教路德教派。

斯堪的纳维亚人和凯尔特人在第9和10世纪间移民到冰岛之前，冰岛是世界上最后一个无人居住的大岛。冰岛以公元930年建立了世界上最早的议会（冰岛语：Alþingi）而自豪，虽然这一议会此后并未运行多久。某些文字证据显示，爱尔兰人的僧侣曾经在北方人到达之前在冰岛生活过，不过没有考古学上的证据证明这一推断。
冰岛保持了300年的独立，随后被挪威和丹麦统治。1814年丹麦-挪威联合王国根据基尔协议（treaty of Kiel）分治之前，冰岛是挪威国王的殖民地，此后成为丹麦的附属国。1874年，丹麦政府给予冰岛有限的自治，1918年，冰岛在内政方面进一步获得了类似于保护国的独立和主权，外交和国防方面丹麦仍保留权力。1940年，纳粹德国在二战期间占领和丹麦，同年盟军占领了冰岛。 丹麦国王继续保持法律上的统治直到1944年冰岛共和国建立。
新的共和国是北约的成员国，并于1949年和美国签订了防卫冰岛的协议。根据这一协议，美国在Keflavík设有军事基地，一直到2006年9月底美军单方面撤出。到目前为止冰岛还没有自己的军队。
战后几十年来，冰岛的经济依赖于渔业，并因为这一生物资源和周边国家发生过数次冲突，其中包括和英国间着名的“鳕鱼战争”。近年来，由于对重工业的大量投资，经济逐渐多样化，炼铝业发展起来，经济领域不断自由化和私有化。冰岛通过EEA成为了欧洲经济区的成员，但从未申请加入欧盟。

⑻ 急求北欧五国（丹麦、挪威、瑞典、芬兰、冰岛）历史

丹麦
公元 985 年形成统一王国。公元 8 ～ 12 世纪为强盛的海盗时期，曾征服现英国、挪威、法国莱茵河畔等地区。 14 世纪走向强盛，并于 1397 年成立以丹麦女王玛格丽特一世为盟主的卡尔马联盟，疆土包括现丹麦、挪威、瑞典、冰岛、格陵兰、法罗群岛以及芬兰的一部分。 15 世纪末开始衰落。 1523 年瑞典脱离联盟独立。 1814 年将挪割予瑞典。1849 年建立君主立宪政体。两次世界大战中均宣布中立。 1940 年 4 月至 1945 年 5 月被纳粹德国占领。 1944 年冰岛脱离丹独立。 1949 年加入北约， 1973 年加入欧共体。拥有对格陵兰和法罗群岛的主权。

挪威
挪威公元9世纪前后形成统一王国。13世纪进入全盛时期。 14世纪中叶开始衰落。1397年与丹麦、瑞典结成卡尔玛联盟，受丹麦统治。1814年，丹麦把挪威割让给瑞典，换取西波美拉尼亚。1905年独立成为君主国，并选丹麦王子为国王，称哈康七世。第一次世界大战中保持中立。二次大战中被法西斯德国占领，吉斯林作为德国傀儡建立独裁政权，哈康国王及他的政府流亡英国。1945年获解放。1957年哈康七世逝世，其子即位，称奥拉夫五世。1949年参加北大西洋公约组织，1959年参加欧洲自由贸易联盟。

瑞典
公元1100年前后开始形成国家。1157年兼并芬兰。1397年与丹麦、挪威组成卡尔马联盟，受丹统治。1523年脱离联盟独立。同年，古斯塔夫·瓦萨被推举为国王。1654至1719年为瑞典的强盛时期，领土包括现芬兰、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛以及俄国、波兰和德国的波罗的海沿岸地区。1718年对俄国、丹麦和波兰作战失败后逐步走向衰落。1805年参加拿破仑战争，1809年败于俄国后被迫割让芬兰，1814年从丹麦取得挪威，并与挪结成瑞挪联盟。1905年挪威脱离联盟独立。瑞典在两次世界大战中均守中立。

芬兰
约9000年前冰河末期，芬兰人的祖先从乌拉尔山迁居至此地，未有形成国家。1157年后芬兰地成为瑞典固有领土。
1208年瑞征俄失败，芬兰开始受到俄国影响。但直至1809年，瑞在瑞俄战争失败后，才最终将芬兰割让给俄，芬成为俄的大公国，1812年迁都赫尔辛基。1917年12月6日宣布独立，曾试图立王国，但最终于1919年成立共和国。
1940年芬在芬苏战争（冬战）战败后，被迫向苏割让东部领土。二战期间，1941—1944年德国进攻苏联，芬参与对苏战争（续战）。1944年2月，芬作为战败国与苏联等国签了巴黎和约。
芬兰未加入北约(NATO)。1955年加入北欧理事会(NC)。1986年加入欧贸联(EFTA)。1995年退出欧贸联，转投欧共体—欧盟(EU)。1999年创始加入欧元区。

冰岛
斯堪的纳维亚人和凯尔特人在第9和10世纪间移民到冰岛之前，冰岛是世界上最后一个无人居住的大岛。冰岛以公元930年建立了世界上最早的议会（冰岛语：Alþingi）而自豪，虽然这一议会此后并未运行多久。某些文字证据显示，爱尔兰人的僧侣曾经在北方人到达之前在冰岛生活过，不过没有考古学上的证据证明这一推断。北欧人曾以此为跳板进入格陵兰岛。 冰岛保持了300年的独立，随后被挪威和丹麦统治。1814年丹麦-挪威联合王国根据基尔协议（treaty of Kiel）分治之前，冰岛是挪威国王的殖民地，此后成为丹麦的附属国。1874年，丹麦政府给予冰岛有限的自治，1918年，冰岛在内政方面进一步获得了类似于保护国的独立和主权，外交和国防方面丹麦仍保留权力。1940年，纳粹德国在二战期间占领丹麦，同年盟军占领了冰岛。 丹麦国王继续保持法律上的统治直到1944年冰岛共和国建立。 新的共和国是北约的成员国，并于1949年和美国签订了防卫冰岛的协议。根据这一协议，美国在Keflavík设有军事基地，一直到2006年9月底美军单方面撤出。到目前为止冰岛还没有自己的军队。 战后几十年来，冰岛的经济依赖于渔业，并因为这一生物资源和周边国家发生过数次冲突，其中包括和英国间着名的“鳕鱼战争”。近年来，由于对重工业的大量投资，经济逐渐多样化，炼铝业发展起来，经济领域不断自由化和私有化。冰岛通过EEA成为了欧洲经济区的成员，但从未申请加入欧盟。

⑼ 冰岛历史朝代，丹麦历史朝代

冰岛历史朝代:公元 860年挪威人的船只差哪稿遇难漂流至冰岛。874年被挪威国王驱逐的部落首领英格尔夫·阿耳纳逊率领家族和奴隶来冰岛定居，他们将一处有自喷温泉的地方命名为雷克雅未克（冒烟的峡湾）（见彩图）。此后来自挪威，间或亦有来自爱尔兰的移民不断增加。10世纪前期，冰岛历史上的移民时期结束。
丹麦历史朝代:丹麦与公元985年形成统一王国。十一世纪曾征服整个英格兰和挪威。1380—1814年，挪威虚孝附属于丹麦。1658年以前，瑞典耶兰府的斯考、布京、居屋三道属丹麦。1864年以前德国北部的石勒苏益格、荷尔斯泰因二州属丹麦。丹在1397年成立的卡尔玛联盟（丹、瑞、挪）中居统治地位。十六世纪丹麦王国开始衰落。1523年瑞典解盟独立。1814年丹麦与瑞典交战失败，被迫将挪威割予瑞典。1904年，冰岛在丹内部自治，战缓激后脱离丹麦独立。
丹麦在两次世界大战中均宣布中立，但在二战期间遭德国占领

⑽ 冰岛是哪个国家的城市

冰岛全称冰岛共悉卜耐和国，是北大西洋和北冰洋之间的北欧岛国。
冰岛，因为其独特和美丽，吸引着越来越多的游客。
由于冰岛位于欧亚弊祥板块和北美板块之间的大睁春西洋中脊，因此冰岛是一个地质年轻的景观。